2.
   2021
/   

(
 

  

)
 : 3     :100
:     -    ,          
                
  -
1.             :
(a)    (b)     (c)    (d) 

(6¼ × 4 = 25)
2.() 






()  :
󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜 w.r.t.
(c)        ?       - 
:
2.



(6 + 6 + 13 = 25)
  - 
3.()                
      
()          :

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

2
4
6
2
3
2
1
(18 + 7 = 25)
4.(a)          :
 
0-10
10-20
3040
40-50
6070
  
5
6
15
7
4
()                 
      
?
  - 
5.()                  
 ,          '   
(b)              :
 
10
11
12
13
14
15
  
3
5
10
8
5
1
6.() -       -      -
     -      
2.
()             :

-4
5
6
7
9
12
 
2
3
4
6
5
8
  - 
7.    ?            
    -      
8.    , 33             ( 
     ):
 ( )
10
15
20
25
30
35
   ( )
35.3
32.4
29.2
26.1
23.2
20.5
2.
   2021
/   

(
 

  

)
 : 3     :100
:     -    ,          
                
  -
1.             :
(a)    (b)     (c)    (d) 

:         ,    
  ,             
,   ,  ,  ,  , , 
             
 ,           ,   , ,
  ,   
           ,   
            
(a)   
               
                
 :
2.

               - 
      ,          
   ?
    (     )       
  :
1.   -   
2.     
  , 
  " "       
  
 
   
  
        :
󰇣
󰇤
 1: -  
2×2  :
1 → 4  -
2 → −3  -
3 → −2  -
4 → 1  -
      :
󰇣


󰇤
 2:    
     :
2.
󰇛󰇜󰇣


󰇤
  
  -             
           ,  
     
()   
              
        :
󰇣
󰇤
,     
 ,      
 
                 
      
   ?
              

   '     
 
 :
󰇣
󰇤
:
2.
   
               
 
,     -      
   
?
     
       
     
 ,      -       

 
(c)   
        
                 
      ,       
󰇟
󰇠
(2   3   )
󰇣


󰇤
(   ₹50 ,    ₹10 )
      , 
   
  
       :
        =        

󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜

2.
   ₹130   
 
   
, :

       .
   
            
,   


( (d)  **
 ,          
     ,             

            
 
 
     :
  ,         

 
 
   ,      
2.

?

:
 (1,2) =  (2,1)
 (1,3) =  (3,1)
 (2,3) =  (3,2)
        
- 
      '   :
 
 
  
 
    
       
󷄧󼿒
     ,     
     
,        
             
 
           
         ,     

       
 ,    
 

     - , , ,     - 
  
        
       
           
2.() 



2.



()  :
󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜 w.r.t.
(c)        ?       - 
:



:     :          
         ,      
     
  (a) 



 1:         :

󰇛
󰇜

 2:    








  :





  () 
󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜
 1:      :
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜
2.
󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜

  :
󰇛
󰇜

 2:     




  :



  (c)   
       -      :
󰇛󰇜


 1:      
󰆒
󰇛󰇜

󰇛

󰇜
󰆒
󰇛󰇜

 2:  
󰆒
󰇛󰇜


6  :

:
󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜
 ,   :

 3:  
2.
󰆒󰆒
󰇛󰇜

󰇛
󰇜
':
󰆒󰆒
󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜󰇛negative → maximum󰇜
':
󰆒󰆒
󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜󰇛positive → minimum󰇜
 4:    
':
󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜

 , x = 1      = -3
':
󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜

 , x = 6     = -128
      ( )
1.   : .
󰆒
󰇛󰇜
2.      
󰆒
󰇛󰇜
3.      :
o ,   - 
󰆒󰆒
󰇛󰇜
o ,      
󰆒󰆒
󰇛󰇜
4.      -         

()





()



():󰇛󰇜


o     = '
o -  = '
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :        ,  -
                '   
    ""      ,   ,    
' 
  - 
3.()                
      
()          :

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

2
4
6
2
3
2
1

:(a)   
󷄧󼿒    
  (AM),    '    ,     
       
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  =     ÷   
  ( ):

:
=  
=    
=    
  :


2.
:
= 
=     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:     40, 50, 60, 70,  80    :
 = 300    = 5
  = 300 ÷ 5 = 60
 , 
        60 
󷄧󼿒   ( )
              
    
1.         
                 
2.        
    ,          ,  
   
3.     
          ' 
      
     
4.       
        ,  ,   
  
5.      
 -      
   ,    
   
2.
󽆱     ( )
   ,      

1.   -    
       ,      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:  = 40, 45, 50, 55, 100
   '       
2.        

       ,       


3.     


, ,       

4.      
        
 
:     = 2.4      2.4  
!
󽇐   
         
 
1.     
        
󰇛
󰇜
            
2. -    
             - 
2.
          
3.  
       , ,       , 
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   5    ,    5   
4.       
    ,  
       
       
()    
󷄧󼿒   ?
  (GM)          '     
 :
 
 
 
  
   , 
        
       :
Antilog


 1:   
2.


  x
   x
2
2
0.3010
0.6020
3
4
0.4771
1.9084
4
6
0.6021
3.6126
5
2
0.6990
1.3980
6
3
0.7782
2.3346
7
2
0.8451
1.6902
8
1
0.9031
0.9031
 2:   


 3:     
Antilog


Antilog󰇛󰇜
   :

󷄧󼿒  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  = 4.19 ()
󽇐
                 
   ,      ,      


  ,            
 
 , , ,          
      , 
      
 4.19  
2.
4.(a)          :
 
0-10
10-20
3040
40-50
6070
  
5
6
15
7
4
()                 
      
?
:  (a)         
    :
 
0-10
10-20
20-30
3040
40-50
50-60
6070
  
5
6
9
15
7
6
4
 1:       
     :
0–10 → 5
10–20 → 15
20–30 → 25
30–40 → 35
40–50 → 45
50–60 → 55
60–70 → 65
 2:    (f)   (x)   

 
  (x)


0-10
5
5
25
10-20
15
6
90
20-30
25
9
225
3040
35
15
525
40-50
45
7
315
50-60
55
6
330
6070
65
4
260

 3:    
2.





,  ≈ 34.04
 4:      

5
15
25
35
45
55
65

5
6
9
15
7
6
4
\
x - \
29.04
19.04
9.04
0.96
10.96
20.96
30.96
 · \
x - \
145.20
114.24
81.36
14.40
76.72
125.76
123.84

 5:    






  : ≈ 13.11   
  ()        
 
:  ( )     
  
    
    
       
 
:        
  '  
  ()  
,        '   
 ,  ,      
 
  ?
       
:
o       ,      
o    '      
o    '         
2.
 ,     ,    
      

        = 13.11
 :
o   ,  , 
o   ,   '   ,   '

  : , 
      
         
  - 
5.()                  
 ,          '   
(b)              :
 
10
11
12
13
14
15
  
3
5
10
8
5
1
:󷄧󼿒(a)    
   
        
              
      ,      
               
 ,       
 ,              
  ,       
       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:
              
  , skewness             
2.
     :
1.  
2.   '  
3.   '  
 
  '     '    
 
   
󷄧󼿒    '   ( -)
2.
            '    
󹵙󹵚󹵛󹵜 
 ?
   '    :
   
        
 ,       '  :
    
 
    
 
       
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 ,      
    :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 <  <  <

?
2.
   -    
      
  
      
 ,          
󷄧󼿒    '   (-)
2.
           '    
󹵙󹵚󹵛󹵜 
 ?
    :
   
         
 :      ,      
,                 
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 ,      
  '   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 <  < 
 :
       
         
 ,      
󷄧󼿒   
  
  

 

 <  <  <
 

 <  < 
󷄧󼿒()   's   
2.
     
󹵙󹵚󹵛󹵜  :
      :


 
,     '  
,  
 :

   ,    '    ,   
   

󷄧󼿒  
 
  
10
3
11
5
12
10
13
8
14
5
15
1
󷄧󼿒 1:    

 :



  :



10
3
30
11
5
55
12
10
120
13
8
104
2.
14
5
70
15
1
15
    :


:




󷄧󼿒 2:  
       
:
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 10    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  = 12
 ,

󷄧󼿒 3:     

   :

󰇛󰇜

         (-- )  ,  
 :

2.
󷄧󼿒 4:   's 










󷄧󼿒  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      = +0.23
󷄧󼿒

   , 
   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     '  
  :
  -   -   
         
, 
     ,    
󷄧󼿒
      
         
            '  

          ,     
'        
 
,             
         
  , 
         
,        , +0.23,       
  ,     
2.
6.() -       -      -
     -      
()             :

-4
5
6
7
9
12
 
2
3
4
6
5
8
:- 
-               
     ,  -         
        ,       
 ,        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  : -           -  
     ,      
-  
 :     '       ( ,
      )
 :    ,     

  : 
        ,  
',   
:-       ( -    
)
-   
1.    :      
o :      
2.    :     
o :    
3.  -:    
o :     
4.  :           
(  = +1  -1)
5.  :           
-     
2.
1.     : '   ;        -
 
 
2.    -   (r):
o        
o :
󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜
3.   :
o          
o :

󰇛
󰇜
 =   
4.    :
o        '
o    
(b)        
   :

-4
5
6
7
9
12

2
3
4
6
5
8
  X  Y   
    :
X  Y   (X  Y   )
Y  X   (Y  X   )
 1:      







 2:        

 
 -

  -
Ȳ
(X - X)(Y -
Ȳ)
(X -
X)^2
(  -
Ȳ)^2
2.
-4
2
-9.83
-2.67
26.26
96.6
7.13
5
3
-0.83
-1.67
1.39
0.69
2.79
6
4
0.17
-0.67
-0.11
0.03
0.45
7
6
1.17
1.33
1.56
1.37
1.77
9
5
3.17
0.33
1.05
10.05
0.11
12
8
6.17
.
20.56
38.07
11.09
󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇜

󰇛
󰇜

 3:   
X  Y  :

󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇜



Y  X  :

󰇛
󰇜󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇜



 4:  
X  Y  :

󰇛
󰇜
󰇛󰇜

Y  X  :

󰇛
󰇜
󰇛󰇜


:     
 :, , , , 
: ,   ,   ,  
       :
o X  Y  :
2.
o Y  X  :
 
7.    ?            
    -      
:    
        
     (  ,
,  )             ,   
 
        
  '  100     100 
                
 :
    120 ,           
20%    
  90 ,   10%   
  ,      ,   
 ,   -       
 
        
1.  :
    
     ,   
      
2.  :
 -             
3.   :

   100   ,        

4.  :
    ,  ,    
      
 ,   ,           -
       "" ( )     " " ()
2.
     -     
  
   ,       :  
  
     
 -       ,      

   
              :
 - 95
 - 95
 - 95
,      ,      '    
 
 ,  -   ,        
    -     

  :
   
   
        
-      
 :
      ,  
      
         '    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
    
            ( )  

            :
2.
 ' ₹5000
 ' ₹3000
 ' ₹500
     ,  -      
 
  '        ,       
     
 
  :
   
    
    '   
     
   :
   (CPI)
   (WPI)
             
           
 
    
   

   
 
  

 
 

  
 



    ' 
 

    

-   
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :
            ,        
     
        
2.
     
 -      '   
                 
 
    
1.  
            
 
 :
    
     
 
    ,       


󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         
2.       
     
   -   
  :
    A   B    ,     (B  A
)     
   :
,    


 :
  2020  2024     ,    '   
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       
3.   
2.
       
       ,
        
  :
   ×    =    
  
          
 
  
?

           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       ,       
  
 ?
   ,            
              - 
    
    
     :




-  ,       
    
       ,        



        
   
  
               
  
 :
           
             
2.
       
     '   
    ,   ,    
          '  
       ,        ,
,         
8.    , 33             ( 
     ):
 ( )
10
15
20
25
30
35
   ( )
35.3
32.4
29.2
26.1
23.2
20.5
:      -       
        ,     
    33              
          
1.  
 ( )
10
15
20
25
30
35
   ()
35.3
32.4
29.2
26.1
23.2
20.5

 = 33   '        
2.  1:           
 5     '   
  , .

   

3.  2:      

          
 (x)
y ()
Δy
Δ²y
Δ³y
Δ⁴y
Δ⁵y
10
35.3
-2.9
0.3
-0.2
0.1
-0.1
15
32.4
-3.2
0.1
-0.1
0.0
20
29.2
-3.1
0.0
-0.1
25
26.1
-2.9
-0.1
30
23.2
-2.7
35
20.5
2.
4.  3:      
  :

󰇛󰇜

󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜

:
=   (10     → 35.3)

, , , .




5.  4:  







    :
󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜

󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜

󰇛󰇜
6.  5:     
 :
 :
 :


 :


 :



 :



7.  6:   


2.
  
33         :
 years
    
             
30  35
        ,  
33      
   -           
, 
      
,  
   33    ,     22.37   
  
  
  30 (23.2 )  35 (20.5 )       
 
"                 
 
          ,         
 "